Protecting the Vote Count: What Police Need to Know

Reach out to local election officials and community groups to assess anticipated security needs and collaboratively determine how to meet them. Even if such outreach did not occur before an election, it is not too late to initiate it in anticipation of a recount.

Conduct a security assessment at any vote counting facility and identify potential opportunities for security enhancement. In addition to working with election officials, law enforcement should conduct its own review of facilities and consider any disruptive activity at vote counting centers in past cycles. In response to heightened threats, some jurisdictions have chosen to relocate their vote counting facilities from high traffic to low traffic areas. Depending on the location history and threat environment, advanced protective actions such as installing magnetometers or cordoning off parking areas near the facility and allowing only authorized vehicles on the premises may be warranted.

Consider and clarify the role that law enforcement will play in protecting the ballots and the vote count locations. Law enforcement should discuss the full ballot transfer process with election officials to understand where their assistance might help protect the ballots and help reduce any threats of ballot destruction, interception, or diversion. All officers should understand what their role is in protecting the ballots themselves, the vote counting locations, and the election workers.

Set personnel up for success. Ensure that officers have easy access to the legal authorities they will most likely need to invoke in the wake of vote counting disruption or demonstrations. See below for additional information on what these authorities and principles may include.

(Re-)Establish information sharing channels. Open or continue to engage with inter- and intra-agency information sharing partners such as local fusion centers or other crime coordination centers to collect tips/leads from the community and law enforcement and improve data sharing on threats to election officials and election processes.

The First Amendment does not protect activity that endangers those who are completing a vote count, just as it does not protect violence, unlawful conduct, threats of violence, or destruction of property.

• Law enforcement may take measures to secure locations where the vote count is ongoing.
• Law enforcement may impose reasonable, viewpoint-neutral time, place, and manner restrictions on protestors in order to protect public safety (e.g., creating buffer zones or dedicated free speech zones, banning items that can be used as weapons, etc.).^{2For further analysis of permissible viewpoint-neutral restrictions, along with other guidance for policing protests, with citations to applicable legal authority, see Inst. for Const. Advoc. & Prot., Protests and Public Safety: A Guide for Cities and Citizens, https://constitutionalprotestguide.org/ (last visited July 13, 2026).}
• Law enforcement may declare an unlawful assembly and order demonstrators to disperse when a group has become violent or poses a clear danger of imminent violence.^{3See id.}
• Crowd dispersal should not be used as a response to individual acts of violence or as a preventative measure.

State laws prohibit disturbing, harassing, or otherwise interfering with public officials or public employees’ discharge of their duties. In addition, generally applicable state laws, such as those prohibiting harassment, continue to apply even to those who may be engaging in expressive conduct. Law enforcement officials should consult local laws and prepare to enforce them as necessary.^{4See, e.g., 18 PA. STAT. AND CONS. STAT. ANN. § 5101 (West 2025); MICH. COMP. LAWS ANN. § 750.478a (West 2025); NEV. REV STAT. § 197.090 (2023); NEV. REV. STAT. § 293.705 (West 2025).} Note that laws barring interference with public officials’ discharge of their duties apply even to those who are legally sanctioned ballot count observers.^{5For more information on the various election observer roles sanctioned in each state, including which states permit observation of the ballot count process, see Nat’l Conf. of State Legs., Policies for Election Observers (updated Oct. 24, 2024), https://www.ncsl.org/elections-and-campaigns/policies-for-election-observers.}

Media and legal observers should not be subject to orders to disperse. Law enforcement agencies should identify appropriate areas for media and legal observers of the protests to gather if a dispersal order is issued to protesters.^{6See Index Newspapers LLC v. United States Marshals Serv., 977 F.3d 817, 829-34 (9th Cir. 2020) (upholding district court’s preliminary injunction excluding journalists and legal observers from government’s lawful dispersal orders because government was not likely to be able to show that it had a “overriding interest based on findings that [dispersal] is essential to preserve higher values and is narrowly tailored to serve that interest” (citing Press-Enter, Co. v. Superior Ct. of California for Riverside Cnty., 478 U.S. 1, 9 (1986))); see also Richmond Newspapers, Inc. v. Virginia, 448 U.S. 555, 573 (1980) (“While media representatives enjoy the same right of access as the public, they often are provided special seating and priority of entry so that they may report what people in attendance have seen and heard. This ‘contributes to public understanding of the rule of law and to comprehension of the functioning’” of government. (citation omitted)).}

The Second Amendment does not protect private paramilitary organizations or militias. Every state prohibits unauthorized paramilitary activities by vigilante groups.^{7Fact sheets containing each state’s laws banning unauthorized paramilitary activity are available at https://www.law.georgetown.edu/icap/our-work/addressing-the-rise-of-unlawful-private-militias/state-fact-sheets/; see also Inst. for Const. Advoc. & Prot., Prohibiting Private Armies at Public Rallies: A Catalog of Relevant State Constitutional and Statutory Provisions (4th ed. 2024), https://www.law.georgetown.edu/icap/wp-content/uploads/sites/32/2024/02/50-state-survey-v4-FIN.pdf.} Law enforcement agencies should not coordinate with, encourage, or facilitate the participation or presence of armed unauthorized paramilitary or militia groups at public demonstrations and protests.

Demonstrators have the right to record police action. Individuals who hinder or obstruct officers from performing their duties should be asked to move. They should not be asked to stop recording.^{8See Fields v. City of Philadelphia, 862 F.3d 353, 359 (3d Cir. 2017) (“recording police activity in public falls squarely within the First Amendment right of access to information”); Glik v. Cunniffe, 655 F.3d 78, 83 (1st Cir. 2011) (“the First Amendment protects the filming of government officials in public spaces”); Smith v. City of Cumming, 212 F.3d 1332, 1333 (11th Cir. 2000) (“The First Amendment protects the right to gather information about what public officials do on public property, and specifically, a right to record matters of public interest.”). See also Irizarry v. Yehia, 38 F.4th 1282, 1296 (10th Cir. 2022) (“As of May 2019, six circuits had determined that the First Amendment guarantees a right to film the police performing their duties in public. No other circuit has concluded otherwise. The substantial weight of this authority … would have put a reasonable officer in Officer Yehia’s position on notice that Mr. Irizarry had a right to film the police conducting the traffic stop.”).}

Ensure that law enforcement’s response to mass demonstrations reflects a commitment to facilitating peaceful speech and assembly.^{9For more details about the following recommendations and other ways law enforcement can prepare for election season, see Nat’l Policing Inst., 21st Century Policing Sols. & States United Democracy Ctr., supra note 1.}

• Officers should continually monitor and assess crowd behavior.
• Officers should maintain contact with event organizers and leaders throughout the demonstration to seek voluntary cooperation, warn organizers in advance of executing arrests, if feasible, and communicate where any arrested demonstrators will be detained.
• Before making any arrests, officers should clearly communicate the thresholds for arrest and give audible warnings to demonstrators and fair notice for them to conform their behavior.
• Officers should intervene to de-escalate verbal conflicts between demonstrators and individual officers before the situation escalates.
• Officers should be mindful of inadvertently escalating tensions, which may turn the focus of the crowd towards law enforcement.
• When individual officers appear overly stressed or are escalating tension through their words or actions, officers should be given a break or removed from the assignment.

Ensure that all officers are clearly identified by displaying the insignia of their departments and their names.

When individuals in an otherwise peaceful crowd are engaged in serious unlawful conduct, isolate, arrest, and remove law violators as quickly and discreetly as possible.

• Officers should balance the seriousness of the unlawful conduct with the feasibility of arrest and the potential for escalating tensions.
• Mass arrests are rarely feasible, are likely to inflame the crowd, and should be avoided.

When there is no reasonably effective alternative to the use of force to affect a law enforcement purpose, officers must ensure they use only force proportional to the circumstances.

• Officers should continually assess and modulate their response according to the behavior of the crowd, de-escalating wherever feasible.
• Always consider and evaluate the risk of incidental exposure, and avoid directing chemical agents, blast balls/flash bangs, and kinetic impact projectiles towards individuals who are not posing an immediate threat of serious harm.

When dispersal orders are necessary, provide notice and an opportunity to comply by using amplified sound to communicate the order and to identify and communicate dispersal routes.

For further information about how law enforcement can protect public safety during election season, see “Public Safety and Elections: A Guide for Law Enforcement,” by the National Policing Institute, States United Democracy Center, and 21st Century Policing Solutions.

For additional legal guidance on protecting the First Amendment during election season, visit the Institute for Constitutional Advocacy and Protection’s Resource Center, available at law.georgetown.edu/icap/resourcecenter.

This fact sheet was prepared jointly by the States United Democracy Center, the Institute for Constitutional Advocacy and Protection (ICAP) at Georgetown University Law Center, and 21st Century Policing Solutions (21CP Solutions).

States United is a nonpartisan 501(c)(3) organization dedicated to the rule of law and free, fair, secure elections. We provide direct support to state officials and law enforcement leaders as they uphold the law and our system of checks and balances, protect public safety, defend elections, and preserve our democracy. For more information, visit statesunited.org.

ICAP’s mission is to use litigation, policy, and public education to protect constitutional rights, while working to hold our governmental institutions to the highest standards of integrity and accountability. Visit us at law.georgetown.edu/icap or contact us at reachICAP@georgetown.edu.

21CP Solutions is a team of forward-thinking thought leaders on public safety that helps cities and communities tackle the challenges of delivering safe, effective, just, and constitutional public safety services. Learn more at 21cpsolutions.com.