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Legal Analysis, Reports Published September 26, 2022

The January 6 Hearings: Arizona Spotlight 

This Arizona Spotlight includes events in the state leading up to the January 6 attack, participation by Arizona actors in relevant events and the attack itself, efforts in Arizona to discredit or reverse the outcome of the presidential election, and subsequent post-January 6 events.

See Related Reports The January 6 Hearings
Issue Areas
  • Accountability
  • Election Protection
  • Public Safety & Elections
  • Truth In Elections
In This Resource

Updated September 26, 2022

Background: The United States House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol (January 6 Select Committee) is holding oversight hearings in June 2022. It will present public testimony, evidence, and analysis relating to the January 6, 2021 attack, its run-up, and its aftermath. The attack and effort to undermine the will of the American voters did not happen in a vacuum. Fueled by misinformation and lies about the 2020 election, many of the key actors involved and key actions taken that contributed to the attack originated from the states. After all, while elections are national events, they are run and led by the states.

The States United Democracy Center has created a series of state-by-state guides to the January 6 attack highlighting activities that sought to undermine our free, fair, and secure elections. This Arizona Spotlight includes events in the state leading up to the January 6 attack, participation by Arizona actors in relevant events and the attack itself, efforts in Arizona to discredit or reverse the outcome of the presidential election, and subsequent post-January 6 events.

Events leading up to January 6

Supporters of then-President Donald Trump held rallies throughout the country attempting to discredit the 2020 presidential election process and challenging the official election results, including in Arizona, despite lacking factual basis for their allegations.

Actors involved in January 6 activities

The Washington Post compiled a timeline documenting how January 6, 2021 progressed from Trump’s “Save America” rally on the White House Ellipse to the breach and attack on the U.S. Capitol. Just Security and Protect Democracy compiled a primer that organizes and distills the multiprong campaign to overturn the 2020 election results.

Fraudulent presidential electors slate
Post January 6 developments

Arizona continues to be a hotbed of efforts to undermine nonpartisan election administration and spread disinformation about the 2020 presidential election results.

Highlights from the Hearings

The States United Democracy Center’s Arizona January 6 Spotlight outlines the events in the state leading up to the January 6 attack, participation by Arizona actors in related events and the attack itself, efforts in Arizona to discredit or reverse the outcome of the presidential election, and subsequent post-January 6 events. The following is a summary of the evidence presented at the January 6 Select Committee hearings related to Arizona, including the June 21, 2022 testimony from Arizona House Speaker Rusty Bowers (R-Mesa).

  • Promoting election fraud claims

    • The January 6 Select Committee played deposition clips from Bill Stepien, Trump’s campaign manager in 2020, where he testified that although the claim seemed “wild” to him, he asked a campaign lawyer, Alex Cannon, to analyze voter fraud allegations in Arizona.42 June 13, 2022 Hearing: U.S. House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol, 117th Cong. (2022) (Testimony of Bill Stepien), https://www.npr.org/2022/06/13/1104690690/heres-every-word-of-the-second-jan-6-committee-hearing-on-its-investigation. When Cannon’s analysis disproving the theory was presented to Trump, Trump responded by replacing the campaign’s legal team with Rudy Giuliani as the point person going forward to investigate these fraud allegations.43See note 42.
    • Arizona House Speaker Rusty Bowers presented live testimony at one of the January 6 Select Committee hearings regarding the pressure he faced on a phone call with Trump and Giuliani.44June 21, 2022 Hearing: U.S. House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol, 117th Cong. (2022) (Testimony of Rusty Bowers), https://www.npr.org/2022/06/21/1105848096/jan-6-committee-hearing-transcript. Bowers testified that Giuliani alleged on the call that hundreds of thousands of undocumented people and thousands of dead people voted in the election. 45June 21, 2022 Hearing: U.S. House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol, 117th Cong. (2022) (Testimony of Rusty Bowers and Adam Kinzinger), https://www.npr.org/2022/06/21/1105848096/jan-6-committee-hearing-transcript. Bowers said he asked Giuliani in November 2020 for the proof supporting these allegations. 46 See note 43. Giuliani responded that he “did have proof” and would provide the evidence to Bowers, but he “[n]ever” did.47 See note 43. Giuliani also asked Bowers to “hold an official committee hearing” at the Arizona capitol building to “hear this evidence” and “take action thereafter[,]” which Bowers refused. 48 See note 43.
    • One week after that call, and on the day Arizona’s presidential election results were certified for Joe Biden, Giuliani appeared in a hotel ballroom in Phoenix for an unofficial, self-styled “legislative hearing”49June 21, 2022 Hearing: U.S. House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol, 117th Cong. (2022) (Statement of Adam Schiff), https://www.npr.org/2022/06/21/1105848096/jan-6-committee-hearing-transcript. where he and Trump attorney Jenna Ellis made unsubstantiated claims of undocumented people voting and voting machine irregularities. 50Randazzo, R., & Polletta, M. (2020, November 30). Arizona GOP lawmakers hold meeting on election outcome with Trump lawyer Rudy Giuliani. AZ Central. https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/elections/2020/11/30/republican-lawmakers-arizona-hold-meeting-rudy-giuliani/6468171002/.
    • Bowers testified that he met in person with Giuliani, Ellis, and other Arizona Republican legislators during their visit to Phoenix, and Giuliani and Ellis again repeated these baseless allegations of fraud.51See note 43. Ellis asserted to Bowers that she had proof of such fraud, including the names of unauthorized voters. 52See note 43. When Bowers asked if she had brought these names and evidence with her, Ellis conceded that she had not. 53See note 43. But Bowers testified that Giuliani then contradicted Ellis, stating that they had “lots of theories” but did not “have the evidence.” 54See note 43.  Bowers testified that he never received this promised evidence.55See note 43.

  • Pressure campaign to overturn Arizona’s presidential election results

    • Starting in late November 2020, Trump and his allies visited states in which he lost the popular vote, pressuring those states’ legislators to redirect their electoral votes to Trump.56June 21, 2022 Hearing: U.S. House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol, 117th Cong. (2022) (Testimony of Josh Roselman), https://www.npr.org/2022/06/21/1105848096/jan-6-committee-hearing-transcript. Republican officials in several states, including Arizona, publicly denounced Trump’s proposal as illegal.57See note 15. Arizona House Speaker Rusty Bowers “wrote that the idea would undermine the rule of law.”58See note 15.
    • Giuliani further spread a theory that there was “a legal ability in Arizona” for the legislature to “remove the—the electors of President Biden and replace them,” and asked for a “legitimate opportunity” through a legislative hearing to present these claims.59See note 43. Bowers testified that taking action to replace the electors for Biden with electors for Trump would run “counter to [his] oath” to the Constitution because there was “no evidence being presented of any strength.” 60See note 43.
    • Ultimately, fake electors met on December 14, 2020 in Phoenix, purporting to cast electoral votes for Trump. 61June 21, 2022 Hearing: U.S. House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol, 117th Cong. (2022) (Statement of Casey Lucier), https://www.npr.org/2022/06/21/1105848096/jan-6-committee-hearing-transcript. Bowers was not aware of this effort at the time and testified he considered it a “tragic parody.”62See note 43.
    • Bowers also testified that Trump called him a second time in late December 2020.63See note 43. Bowers told Trump that, while he had supported and voted for him, he would not do anything illegal for him.64See note 43. Nevertheless, Trump attorney John Eastman subsequently called Bowers and asked him to “decertify the electors” under the Arizona Legislature’s purported “plenary authority.”65See note 43. Bowers testified that he refused Eastman’s request.66See note 43.
    • The January 6 Select Committee presented White House visitor logs demonstrating that on December 21, 2020, Trump met with several Republican members of Congress, including Arizona’s Andy Biggs (R-AZ) and Paul Gosar (R-AZ), regarding the “January 6 effort” developed by Eastman. 67July 12, 2022 Hearing: U.S. House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol, 117th Cong. (2022) (Statement of Stephanie Murphy), https://www.npr.org/2022/07/12/1111123258/jan-6-committee-hearing-transcript.
    • The January 6 Select Committee released the recording of a conversation that took place among members of Congress in which U.S. Representative Debbie Lesko (R-AZ) stated that she knew the efforts to overturn the election results were likely to fail and was concerned about resulting violence: She had “asked [congressional] leadership to come up with a safety plan for members” because there were going to be “Trump supporters who actually believe that we are going to overturn the election … [a]nd when that doesn’t happen, most likely will not happen, they are going to go nuts.”68July 12, 2022 Hearing: U.S. House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol, 117th Cong. (2022) (Statement of Debbie Lesko), https://www.npr.org/2022/07/12/1111123258/jan-6-committee-hearing-transcript. Nevertheless, she participated in some of the congressional objections to the election results during the joint congressional session on January 6, 2021.69See note 26.
    • As a last-ditch effort, Biggs called Bowers on the morning of January 6, asking whether Bowers would sign on to a letter supporting the decertification of Arizona’s electors.70See note 43. Bowers testified that he refused Biggs’ request.71See note 3.
    • Cassidy Hutchinson, a former aide to Trump’s Chief of Staff Mark Meadows, testified at the hearings that Biggs talked with her directly and that he asked for a presidential pardon.72June 23, 2022 Hearing: U.S. House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol, 117th Cong. (2022) (Testimony of Cassidy Hutchinson), https://www.npr.org/2022/06/23/1106700800/jan-6-committee-hearing-transcript.

  • Protests and threats towards state officials

    • As a result of his refusal to subvert Arizona’s election results, Bowers received “in excess of 20,000 emails and tens of thousands of voicemails and texts which saturated” his offices. 73See note 43. He explained how he now “worr[ies] what will happen on Saturdays” as “various groups come by and they have video panel trucks with videos of me proclaiming me to be a pedophile and a pervert and a corrupt politician” and blaring loudspeakers.74See note 43. These protestors have also argued with, and threatened, Bowers and his neighbors.75See note 43.
    • Additionally, the January 6 Select Committee disclosed video footage showing that in December 2020, “Stop the Steal” protesters occupied the Arizona House of Representatives building. 76See note 43. These demonstrators included Jacob Chansley, who is also known as the “QAnon Shaman,” along with members of the Proud Boys, and “men armed with rifles stood just outside the entrance” of the building.77See note 8. See also Ruelas, R. (2021, November 10.) Feds ask 51-month sentence for Jake Angeli, who raided U.S. Capitol in fur horned hat. Arizona Central. https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2021/11/10/feds-ask-sentence-jake-angeli-jacob-chansley-qanon-shaman-us-capitol/6369518001/. Bowers testified that the demonstrators were calling for him by name.78See note 43.
Additional resources

Sources

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  2. Shepherd, K., & Knowles, H. (2020, November 5). Driven by unfounded ‘SharpieGate’ rumor, pro-Trump protesters mass outside Arizona vote-counting center. The New York Times. https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/11/05/arizona-election-protest-votes/.

  3. Shapiro, D. (2020, November 5). Arizona’s election chief rips AG Brnovich for Sharpie probe. KTAR News. https://ktar.com/story/3680502/arizonas-election-chief-rips-ag-brnovich-for-sharpie-probe/.

  4. Polletta, M. (2020, December 4). Judge rejects Arizona Republican Party’s attempt to overturn election results; GOP vows appeal. AZ Central. https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/elections/2020/12/04/arizona-judge-rejects-republican-effort-overturn-state-election-results/3821578001/; “Ward v. Jackson, et al., No. 20-809 (U.S. Feb. 22, 2021) (denying petition for review), https://www.supremecourt.gov/search.aspx?filename=/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-809.html; Polletta, M. (2021, February 22). Election lawsuit from Arizona GOP Chair Kelli Ward denied hearing by U.S. Supreme Court. AZ Central. https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/elections/2021/02/22/us-supreme-court-wont-hear-kelli-wards-lawsuit-arizona-election/4544983001/.

  5. Sanchez, Y. (2021, July 5). ‘We need you to stop the counting’: Records detail intense efforts by Trump allies to pressure Maricopa County supervisors. AZ Central. https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/elections/2021/07/02/records-show-trump-allies-kelli-ward-rudy-giuliani-pressured-county-officials-over-election-results/7813304002/.

  6. Randazzo, R., & Polletta, M. (2020, November 30). Arizona GOP lawmakers hold meeting on election outcome with Trump lawyer Rudy Giuliani. AZ Central. https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/elections/2020/11/30/republican-lawmakers-arizona-hold-meeting-rudy-giuliani/6468171002/.

  7. Vlamis, K. (2020, December 10). Sidney Powell’s ‘Kraken’ lawsuits failed again, as judges in Michigan, Georgia, Arizona, and Wisconsin have now dismissed her cases, Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/sidney-powell-lawsuits-dismissed-michigan-georgia-arizona-wisconsin-2020-12;  Cheney, K., & Gerstein J. (2020 December 7). Federal judges reject GOP effort to overturn swing state election results, Politico. https://www.politico.com/news/2020/12/07/judge-rejects-overturn-michigan-election-results-443411.

  8. American Oversight Obtains Seven Phony Certificates of Pro-Trump Electors. (2021, March 2). America Oversight. https://www.americanoversight.org/american-oversight-obtains-seven-phony-certificates-of-pro-trump-electors; Sherman, A. (2022, January 28). What you need to know about the fake Trump electors. PolitiFact. https://www.politifact.com/article/2022/jan/28/what-you-need-know-about-fake-trump-electors/.

  9. Anglen, R., & Oxford, A. (2021, January 14). Arizona lawmakers who pushed ‘Stop the Steal’ face scrutiny for presence at U.S. Capitol riot. AZ Central. https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-investigations/2021/01/14/arizona-lawmakers-pushed-stop-steal-rally-appeared-u-s-capitol-mark-finchem-anthony-kern/4147370001/.

  10. Paul Gosar. (2022, May 26). Insurrection Index. https://insurrectionindex.org/records/person/paul-gosar/.

  11. The Arizona legislators who signed the letter are: Rep. Nancy Barto, Rep. Brenda Barton, Rep. Shawnna Bolick, Senator Sonny Borrelli, Rep. John Fillmore, Rep. Mark Finchem, Senator David Gowan, Rep. Travis Grantham, Rep. Gail Griffin, Rep. Steve Kasier, Rep. Anthony Kern, Senator Steve Montenegro, Rep. Kevin Payne, Senator Warren Petersen, Rep. Kelly Townsend, and Rep. Justin Wilmeth. See Letter to Vice President Michael R. Pence, Wisconsin Examiner (Jan. 5, 2021), https://wisconsinexaminer.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Letter-to-Pence-1.pdf.

  12. See note 11; Timm, C. (2021, Jan. 5). Fact check: No, Pence can’t overturn the election results. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/fact-check-no-pence-can-t-overturn-election-results-n1252869.

  13. Eisler, P., et al. (2021, December 30). Anatomy of a death threat. Reuters. https://graphics.reuters.com/USA-ELECTION/THREATS/mopanwmlkva/.

  14. Armus, T. (2021, January 13). A ‘Stop the Steal’ organizer, now banned by Twitter, said three GOP lawmakers helped plan his D.C. rally. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/01/13/ali-alexander-capitol-biggs-gosar/; Walker, H. (2021, October 24). Jan. 6 Protest Organizers Say They Participated in ‘Dozens’ of Planning Meetings With Members of Congress and White House Staff. Rolling Stone.
    https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/exclusive-jan-6-organizers-met-congress-white-house-1245289/.

  15. Pitzl, M. (2021, September 13). Mark Finchem, election conspiracy promoter, gets Trump’s endorsement for secretary of state. AZ Central. https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/elections/2021/09/13/trump-endorses-mark-finchem-arizona-secretary-state-election/8322839002/; Pilkington, E. (2022, February 21). ’This should terrify the nation’: the Trump ally seeking to run Arizona’s elections. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/feb/21/mark-finchem-trump-arizona-elections-secretary-of-state.

  16. Armus, T. (2021, January 13). A ‘Stop the Steal’ organizer, now banned by Twitter, said three GOP lawmakers helped plan his D.C. rally. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/01/13/ali-alexander-capitol-biggs-gosar/ Walker, H. (2021, October 24). Jan. 6 Protest Organizers Say They Participated in ‘Dozens’ of Planning Meetings With Members of Congress and White House Staff. Rolling Stone. https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/exclusive-jan-6-organizers-met-congress-white-house-1245289/.

  17. Anthony Kern. (2022, May 26). Insurrection Index. https://insurrectionindex.org/records/person/anthony-kern/; Anglen, R. and Oxford, A. (2021, January 14). Arizona lawmakers who pushed ‘Stop the Steal’ face scrutiny for presence at U.S. Capitol riot. Arizona Republic. https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-investigations/2021/01/14/arizona-lawmakers-pushed-stop-steal-rally-appeared-u-s-capitol-mark-finchem-anthony-kern/4147370001/.

  18. Lerner, K. (2022, February 1). A look at Trump’s 11 Arizona fake electors. Pinal Central. https://www.pinalcentral.com/politics/a-look-at-trump-s-11-arizona-fake-electors/article_8196845c-6a46-5b95-baca-82bb83391c98.html; MacDonald-Evoy, J. (2021, May 5), Where was Anthony Kern on Jan. 6?. Arizona Mirror. https://www.azmirror.com/2021/05/05/where-was-anthony-kern-on-jan-6/.

  19. Haas, K. (2021, April 30). Reporter forced from Senate audit for photographing ex-lawmaker, indiscernible ballot. Arizona Capitol Times. https://azcapitoltimes.com/news/2021/04/30/reporter-forced-from-senate-audit-for-photographing-ex-lawmaker-indiscernible-ballot/.

  20. Ryman, A. (2022, March 24). A gladiator, an Olympian and a shaman: Here are people with ties to Arizona who face charges in Capitol riot. AZ Central. https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2022/01/06/jan-6-capitol-riot-arizona-qanon-shaman-klete-keller/9082112002/; NPR Staff. (2022, June 3). The Capitol siege: The cases behind the biggest criminal investigation in U.S. history. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2021/02/09/965472049/the-capitol-siege-the-arrested-and-their-stories – database.

  21. American Oversight (2021, March 2). American Oversight Obtains Seven Phony Certificates of Pro-Trump Electors.https://www.americanoversight.org/american-oversight-obtains-seven-phony-certificates-of-pro-trump-electors; Sherman, A. (2022, January 28). What you need to know about the fake Trump electors. PolitiFact. https://www.politifact.com/article/2022/jan/28/what-you-need-know-about-fake-trump-electors/.

  22. Feuer, A., et al. (2022, March 25). Intensifying Inquiry Into Alternate Electors Focuses on Trump Lawyers. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/25/us/politics/pro-trump-lawyers-elector-scheme.html; Polantz., K., & Reid, P. (2022, March 25). DOJ probe of fake elector plot seeks information about Trump’s top lawyers and advisers. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/25/politics/justice-department-fake-elector-plot-trump-lawyers-advisers/index.html; Boucher, D. (2022, January 19). Nessel: Fake GOP electors committed crimes, hopes feds prosecute ‘conspiracy.’ Detroit Free Press. https://www.freep.com/story/news/politics/2022/01/18/nessel-gop-electors-crimes-lansing-michigan/6563387001/.

  23. Rueles, R. (2022, January 28). 2 Arizona Republicans who falsely claimed to be electors subpoenaed by Congress. Arizona Republic. https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/arizona/2022/01/28/fake-arizona-trump-electors-subpoenaed-by-congress/9258968002/.

  24. Duda, J. (2020, December 24). Hobbs asks AG to investigate fake electors for using state seal. AZ Mirror. https://www.azmirror.com/blog/hobbs-asks-ag-to-investigate-fake-electors-for-using-state-seal/.

  25. See note 21; Lerner, K. (2022, February 2). Trump’s fake electors: Here’s the full list. Wisconsin Examiner. https://wisconsinexaminer.com/2022/02/02/trumps-fake-electors-heres-the-full-list/.

  26. Chambers, B., & Wallace, D. (2021, July 25).Former President Donald Trump speaks at Turning Point Action event in Phoenix [Photographs]. AZ Central. https://www.azcentral.com/picture-gallery/news/politics/arizona/2021/07/24/former-president-donald-trump-speaks-turning-point-action-event-phoenix/8082208002/.

  27. Arizona Republican Party Political Rally, Introductory Speakers (2022, January 15). C-SPAN. https://www.c-span.org/video/?517043-101/arizona-republican-party-political-rally-introductory-speakers.

  28. Schonfeld, Z. (2022, June 7). Here’s a list of the people who have been subpoenaed by the Jan. 6 committee. The Hill.https://thehill.com/news/house/3514712-heres-a-list-of-the-people-who-have-been-subpoenaed-by-the-jan-6-committee/.

  29. Andy Biggs. (2022, June 10). Insurrection Index. https://insurrectionindex.org/records/person/andy-biggs/

  30. House, B. (2022, May 29). GOP’s Biggs Says Jan. 6 Committee Exceeds Authority in Subpoena. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-05-29/gop-s-biggs-says-jan-6-committee-exceeds-authority-in-subpoena.

  31. Ruelas, R. (2022, January 28). 2 Arizona Republicans who falsely claimed to be electors subpoenaed by Congress. The Arizona Republic. https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/arizona/2022/01/28/fake-arizona-trump-electors-subpoenaed-by-congress/9258968002/

  32. January 6 Committee Letter to Mark Finchem (Feb. 15, 2022), The United States House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol. https://january6th.house.gov/sites/democrats.january6th.house.gov/files/2022-2-15.BGT%20Letter%20to%20Mark%20Finchem-Cover%20Letter%20and%20Schedule_Redacted.pdf.

  33. Vlamis, K. (2022, February 20). A Trump-backed candidate in Arizona is trying to raise $750,000 for a legal defense fund after he was subpoenaed by the January 6 committee. Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-backed-candidate-arizona-raising-money-for-legal-defense-fund-2022-2.

  34. See note 31

  35. Breuninger, K. (2022, February 15). House probe of Jan. 6 Capitol riot subpoenas Arizona GOP leader Kelli Ward, 5 others over ‘alternate electors.’ CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2022/02/15/jan-6-capitol-riot-probe-subpoenas-arizona-gop-chair-kelli-ward-5-others-.html.

  36. Ward v. Thompson, Case No. 22-cv-08015-DJH (D. Ariz 2022); Fischler, J. (2022, February 2) Arizona GOP chair sues to block Jan. 6 panel’s records subpoena. AZ Mirror. https://www.azmirror.com/blog/kelli-ward-arizona-gop-chair-sues-to-block-jan-6-panels-records-subpoena/; January 6 Committee Letter to Kelli Ward (Feb. 15, 2022), https://january6th.house.gov/sites/democrats.january6th.house.gov/files/2022-2-15.BGT%20Letter%20to%20Kelli%20Ward%20-%20Cover%20Letter%20and%20Schedule_Redacted.pdf.

  37. Burden, B. & Grayson, T. (2021, June 22). Report on the Cyber Ninjas Review of the 2020 Presidential and U.S. Senatorial Elections in Maricopa County, Arizona. States United Democracy Center.  https://statesunited.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/6.22.21-SUDC-Report-re-Cyber-Ninjas-Review-FINAL.pdf.

  38. Governor Ducey Signs Legislation. (2022, March 30). Office of The Governor Doug Ducey.  https://azgovernor.gov/governor/news/2022/03/governor-ducey-signs-legislation-furthering-arizonas-position-leader-election

  39. See note 38.

  40. Duda, J. (2021, June 22). Shawnna Bolik, author of bill to reject voters’ presidential choice, running to be top elections official. AZ Mirror. https://www.azmirror.com/2021/06/22/shawnna-bolick-author-of-bill-to-reject-voters-presidential-choice-running-to-be-top-elections-official/.

  41. Replacing the Refs.(2022, June 6). States United Action. https://statesunited.org/resources/replacingtherefs/.

  42. June 13, 2022 Hearing: U.S. House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol, 117th Cong. (2022) (Testimony of Bill Stepien), https://www.npr.org/2022/06/13/1104690690/heres-every-word-of-the-second-jan-6-committee-hearing-on-its-investigation.

  43. See note 42.

  44. June 21, 2022 Hearing: U.S. House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol, 117th Cong. (2022) (Testimony of Rusty Bowers), https://www.npr.org/2022/06/21/1105848096/jan-6-committee-hearing-transcript.

  45. June 21, 2022 Hearing: U.S. House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol, 117th Cong. (2022) (Testimony of Rusty Bowers and Adam Kinzinger), https://www.npr.org/2022/06/21/1105848096/jan-6-committee-hearing-transcript.

  46. See note 43.

  47. See note 43.

  48. See note 43.

  49. June 21, 2022 Hearing: U.S. House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol, 117th Cong. (2022) (Statement of Adam Schiff), https://www.npr.org/2022/06/21/1105848096/jan-6-committee-hearing-transcript.

  50. Randazzo, R., & Polletta, M. (2020, November 30). Arizona GOP lawmakers hold meeting on election outcome with Trump lawyer Rudy Giuliani. AZ Central. https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/elections/2020/11/30/republican-lawmakers-arizona-hold-meeting-rudy-giuliani/6468171002/.

  51. See note 43.

  52. See note 43.

  53. See note 43.

  54. See note 43.

  55. See note 43.

  56. June 21, 2022 Hearing: U.S. House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol, 117th Cong. (2022) (Testimony of Josh Roselman), https://www.npr.org/2022/06/21/1105848096/jan-6-committee-hearing-transcript.

  57. See note 15.

  58. See note 15.

  59. See note 43.

  60. See note 43.

  61. June 21, 2022 Hearing: U.S. House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol, 117th Cong. (2022) (Statement of Casey Lucier), https://www.npr.org/2022/06/21/1105848096/jan-6-committee-hearing-transcript.

  62. See note 43.

  63. See note 43.

  64. See note 43.

  65. See note 43.

  66. See note 43.

  67. July 12, 2022 Hearing: U.S. House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol, 117th Cong. (2022) (Statement of Stephanie Murphy), https://www.npr.org/2022/07/12/1111123258/jan-6-committee-hearing-transcript.

  68. July 12, 2022 Hearing: U.S. House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol, 117th Cong. (2022) (Statement of Debbie Lesko), https://www.npr.org/2022/07/12/1111123258/jan-6-committee-hearing-transcript.

  69. See note 26.

  70. See note 43.

  71. See note 3.

  72. June 23, 2022 Hearing: U.S. House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol, 117th Cong. (2022) (Testimony of Cassidy Hutchinson), https://www.npr.org/2022/06/23/1106700800/jan-6-committee-hearing-transcript.

  73. See note 43.

  74. See note 43.

  75. See note 43.

  76. See note 43.

  77. See note 8. See also Ruelas, R. (2021, November 10.) Feds ask 51-month sentence for Jake Angeli, who raided U.S. Capitol in fur horned hat. Arizona Central. https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2021/11/10/feds-ask-sentence-jake-angeli-jacob-chansley-qanon-shaman-us-capitol/6369518001/.

  78. See note 43.